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A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their
motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood
and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more)
of the following:
- suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are
exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her
- is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or
trustworthiness of friends or associates
- is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear
that the information will be used maliciously against him or her
- reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign
remarks or events
- persistently bears grudges, i.e., is unforgiving of insults,
injuries, or slights
- perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that
are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to
counterattack
- has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding
fidelity of spouse or sexual partner
Does not occur exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia, a
Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features, or another Psychotic Disorder
and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a general
medical condition.
Note: If criteria are met prior to the onset of Schizophrenia,
add "Premorbid," e.g., "Paranoid Personality Disorder
(Premorbid)."
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